Chemistry----Spectroscopy And Its Applications

                               Spectroscopy And Its Applications

2-marks/4-marks

1.      Define electromagnetic spectrum.

2.      Define spectroscopy.

3.      Define Wave number.

4.      What is chemical shift.

5.      Explain briefly the various types of molecular transitions.

6.      What is UV spectrum? Give various regions associated with UV spectrum.

7.      State Franck Condon Principle. Also explain its use.

8.      Define (a) Bathochromic Shift (b) Hypsochromic Shift

9.      Explain Isobestic Point.

10.  State major applications of UV Spectroscopy.

11.  What are molecular Vibrations? State its types.

12.  State the major applications of Infrared Spectroscopy.

13.  Why TMS is used as a reference standard in NMR Spectroscopy?

14.  Explain Spin-Spin Coupling.

15.  How many NMR signals will be given by each of following compounds?

      (a) Ethyl Acetate         (b) Acetone     (c) Diethyl ether

16. Define Allowed and Forbidden Transitions.

17. State Lambert-Beer Law.

18. What is fingerprint region in IR?

19. State the factors affecting chemical Shift?

20. Explain Spin-Spin Coupling in detail.

       6-marks/8-marks

   1. (a) State and explain the principle of NMR Spectroscopy.

    (b) State the working of NMR Spectrometer.

2. (a)  Explain  (i) Intensities of spectral line (ii) Width of spectral line

     (b) State Frank Codon Principle.

3. Discuss IR spectroscopy and state its various applications.

4. (a) Explain the working of UV spectrometer.

    (b) Define (i) Auxochromes      (ii) Chromophores

5.  Explain following terms:

      (a) Blue Shift             

      (b) Red Shift

      (c) Hyperchromic effect

      (d) Isobestic Point                  

Chemistry----Green Chemistry And Its Applications

Green Chemistry And Its Applications 

2-marks/4-marks

Q1. Define Green Chemistry. Why it is called so?

Q2. What do you mean by Sustainable Development?

Q3. Define (a) Pollution         (b) Toxicity

Q4. State the 6 R’s (Reductions) Pointed out by Green Chemistry.

Q5. Define Mass Efficiency Factor.

Q6. Explain the concept of Atom Economy with example.

Q7. Give an example of a reaction process having 100% Atom economy.

Q8. State the properties of an ideal green solvent.

Q9. How a reaction carried out in surrounding conditions is greener?

Q10. Explain why chemical derivatives should be avoided.

Q11. What is a catalyst? What are the various roles a catalyst can play in a reaction?

Q12. How a catalyst makes a reaction greener?

Q13. What is a Supercritical Liquid?

Q14. Define Supercritical Carbon dioxide (CO2). State its applications also.

Q15. Why water is used as a solvent?

Q16. Why Ionic solvents are known as Designer solvents?

Q17. Name 2 biodegradable solvents.           

Q18. Explain the use of Microwave radiations in Green Synthesis.

Q19. Define Cavitation.

Q20. What is Sonochemistry?

Q21. What is a biofuel? Give examples.

Q22. Explain   (a) Biodiesel    (b) Bio-ethanol

Q23. State few methods for minimization of energy consumption.

 6-marks/8-marks

Q1. State and explain the twelve principles of Green Chemistry.

Q2. Write an explainatory note on Biofuels.

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Chemistry----Water And Its Treatment

                               Water And Its Treatment

                            2-marks/4-marks

            1.   Why water is used as a medium in boilers?

2. Differentiate between External Treatment Method 

       and Internal Treatment Method.

3. Define Feed Water.

4. Define (a) Scales   (b) Sludge

5. State and explain the causes of formation of Scales and Sludge.

6. State and explain the various Disadvantages of Scales and Sludge.

7. State and explain the various method for removal of Scales and Sludge.

8. Define Boiler Corrosion. Also State various factors that contribute 

       to the boiler corrosion.

9. State (a) Priming   (b) Foaming

       Also, state the causes and prevention methods.

10. Explain Caustic Embrittlement.

11. Define Water Softening.

12. Give Difference between Soft water and demineralzed water.

13. State various methods for softening of temporary hard water.

14. Differentiate between Hot lime soda and Cold lime soda process.

15. Define Zeolite process.

16. Give general formula of zeolites. Write down the reactions showing 

      their regeneration.

17. What is Colloidal Conditioning of boiler feed water?

18. How Scale formation can be prevented by

            (i) Phosphate Conditioning     (ii) Calgon Conditioning        

      19. Explain the process of Electrodialysis.

      20.  Define Reverse Osmosis.

      21.  Define chlorination. Discuss commonly used methods for chlorination.

      22. Define Break Point Chlorination.

      23. Why Mg(HCO3)3 requires doube amount of lime for softening?

      24. State the method of regeneration of exhausted ion-exchange resins.

                     6-marks/8-marks

1. State and explain lime soda process for treatment of hard water.

2. State and explain various Internal Treatment methods for treatment of 

    hard water.  

3. Calculate the amount of lime(90%) and soda(94%) required for softening  

    50,000L of hard water containing Ca(HCO3)2  = 40.5 ppm; 

    Mg(HCO3)2 = 73ppm; Cacl2 = 55.55ppm; MgSo4 = 60ppm; 

    CaSo4 = 34 ppm & NaCl = 10.0 ppm.

    Also calculate temporary and permanent Hardness of water.

4. State and explain zeolite process for softening of hard water. Also state

    its advantages and Disadvantages.

5. Discuss the Demineralization of Water By Ion Exchange Process.

                                                OR

    Describe the ion exchange process of softening of hard water. 

    What are its advantages?

6.  Describe various methods for purification of water for domestic use on large scale.

7.  Describe various methods for purification of water for domestic use on small scale.

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PTU Important Questions----Fibre Optics

       Physics:

Important Questions related to chapter --Fiber Optics.

 2-marks/4-marks

Q1. Define Numerical aperture, Acceptance angle.
Q2. Define Total Internal reflection of light
Q3. State the basic principle behind fibre optics.
Q4. What do you mean by attenuation in optical fibres?
Q5. Define Normalized frequency / Define V-Number. Deduce an expression for
      V-Number.
Q6. Differentiate b/w single mode and multi mode optical fibre.
Q7. What do you mean by mode in an optical fibre?
Q8. Distinguish b/w step index and graded index optical fibre.
Q9. What are the qualities of a fibre optic material?
Q10. What is an optic fibre sensor?
Q11. derive the relation b/w Numerical aperture and Fractional Refractive Index.
Q12. State the advantages of fibre optic communication over copper cable
         communication.
Q13. Describe (i) Splicer (ii) Coupler (iii) Connector
Q14. What do you understand  by  Single  mode  and  Multimode fibre?
Q15. State major advantages of fibre communication.
Q16. Give  important applications of  optical  fibres.

6-marks/8-marks


Q1. (a)  Describe  construction  of an  optical  fiber  with help  of diagram.  Further,
             describe  different  factors  responsible  for  loss  of  signal  propagating
             through  a  fiber.
      (b)  Calculate  the  numerical  aperture,  acceptance  angle  and
            the critical  angle of a  fiber  having  core  and  cladding  refractive  indices
            as  1.5  and  1.45,
            respective.

Q2. (a) Derive the expression for numerical aperture, acceptance angle and angle of
             acceptance cone.
       (b) An optical fibre has core refractive index 1.5 and cladding refractive index
            1.47. Calculate critical angle at core cladding intrface.

Q3. (a) State and explain various losses that occur in fibre transmission.
       (b) State various applications of optical fibres in different fields.

Q4. (a) What are Step index and Graded index optical fibres? Explain the
            propagation of signals in step index and graded index optical fibres.
       (b) Calculate (i) Numerical aperture (ii) Acceptance angle of a fibre having core
             refractive index 1.6 and cladding refractive index 1.58.

Q5. (a)  Find  the  core radius  necessary  for  single mode  operation  at  820  nm
             of  a step  index  fibre  with  n1:  1.480  and n2:  1.478.
       (b)  Differentiate  between  material  dispersion  and  pulse  dispersion.  Write
             down  various  types  of losses  in optical fibre.

Q6. (a)  Explain  the  difference  between  a  step-index  fibre  and  graded
              index  fibre.
       (b)  What  is  meant  by  acceptance  angle  for  an  optical  fibre?  Show
              how  it  is related  to  numerical  aperture.

Q7. (a) A 20 km long fibre cable has a loss of 2 dB/Km and connector loss of
            0.6 dB/Km. Find the total loss.
       (b) Derive an expression for pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion in
             multimode step index optical fibre.

Q8.  a) The core  of a glass  fibre has  a refractive  index  of 1.6 while its cladding is
            doped  to give a fractional change  in refractive  index  of 0.008.  Find
            refractive index of cladding and the critical  internal  reflecting angle.
       b)  Elaborate important  characteristics  of step index fibres.

PTU Important Questions----Theory Of Relativity

       Physics:

Important Questions related to chapter --Theory Of Relativity.

 2-marks/4-marks

Q1. Define frame of reference.
Q2. Explain the term time dilation.
Q3. Explain the concept of Ether.
Q4. Is earth an inertial frame? Explain briefly.
Q5. State the postulates of special theory of relativity.
Q6. Explain why a particle cannot move faster than velocity of light.
Q7. Define (a) Proper Length   (b) Proper Time
Q8. Show that relativistic law of addition of velocities predicts value of velocity
       of light in all inertial frames.
Q9. Prove that rest mass of photon is zero.
Q10. Photon has zero rest mass but has momentum. Explain.
Q11. Explain the term length contraction.
Q12. Prove that velocity of light is independent from the velocity of frame of reference.
Q13. What are the outcomes of Michelson-Morley experiment?
Q14. Find the velocity at which mass of a particle is double its rest mass.
Q15. Calculate the velocity of 1 Mev electron.
Q16. Why a moving rod appears shorter than its actual length?



6-marks/8-marks

Q1. (a)  Explain Michelson Morley experiment and discuss its significance.
       (b)  Explain various postulates of Special theory of Relativity.

Q2. (a) Explain the postulates of theory of relativity
       (b) Derive Lorentz's transformation equations.
      
Q3. Show that the mass of the body in motion is given by
                                                  
        where m0 is the rest mass and v is the velocity of the body.
Q4. (a) Prove that E= mc^2 . State its applications.
       (b) Show that no particle can have velocity greater than that of light.

Q5. (a) Derive the relation between relativistic energy and momentum.
       (b) Prove that momentum of a particle having rest mass and kinetic energy 'T' is equal to

PTU Important Questions----LASERS

                                   Physics:



Important Questions related to chapter --LASERS.


 2-marks/4-marks


Q1. What is laser?
Q2. What is holography?
Q3. Explain how a laser light is different from ordinary light?
Q4. Explain the terms:
      1)Stimulated emission 2) Population Inversion 3) Optical Pumping
      4)Stimulated absorption
Q5. State any four methods of pumping a laser.
Q6. Explain how a hologram differs from phtograph?
Q7. Explain spiking process.
Q8. Differentiate between spatial coherence and temporal coherence.
Q9. Differentiate between 3-level and 4-level laser.
Q10. Are all holograms same?
Q11.write physical significance of Einstein's coefficients.
Q12. Explain the role of Helium in He-Ne laser.
Q13. Differentiate between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.
Q14.State any two applications of Holography.
Q15. Explain why a 4-level laser is preferred over 3-level laser although it has low efficiency?
Q16. What do you mean by coherance length? write down the expression for it.
Q17. What is the wavelength of He-Ne Laser, Semiconductor Laser?

6-marks/8-marks

Q1. a) Explain the construction, working and the energy level diagram for
           He-Ne laser.
       b) Explain process of spiking in Ruby laser.

Q2. a) Explain the construction, working and the energy level diagram for Ruby laser.
       b) Define Einstein coefficients and give their significance.

Q3. What do you understand by holography? Derive the relationship between
       Einstein coefficients.

image source: lasers.llnl.gov

Magnetic Materials & Superconductivity

Physics:

Important Questions related to chapter --Magnetic Materials and Superconductivity



2-marks/4-marks

Q1. Derive the relation b/w Permeability and Susceptibility.
Q2.State and explain the chief origin of magnetic moment for electrons.
Q3. State any four characteristics of ferromagnetic materials.
Q4. Define 1) Curie Temperature 2) Neel Temperature .
Q5. Define 1) Remanence 2) Coericivity .
Q6. What are ferrites? State few properties of ferrites. Give their useful applications.
Q7. What is magnetostriction?
Q8. What is magnetic anisotropy?
Q9. Differentiate b/w Soft and Hard magnetic materials.
Q10. Define 1) Magnetic flux density 2) Intensity of magnetisation .
Q11. Why ferromagnetism is lost on heating?
Q12. What is Meissners effect?

Q13. What do you mean by Cooper pairs?
Q14. Compare Type-I and Type-II superconductors.
Q15. Define critical magnetic field and critical temperature of a superconductor.
Q16. What is Superconductivity? Define persistent current.
Q17.  What is the difference b/w perfect Diamagnet and  Superconductor?


6-Marks/8-marks

Q1. State and explain Domain Theory of ferromagnetism.

OR

      Discuss domain structure in ferromagnetic materials.
Q2. i)Explain BCS theory of superconductivity.
      ii) Explain Meissner Effect.
Q3. What are London Equations? Explain the expression for the penetration depth of
       Superconductors.




Important questions related to chapter LASERS .
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PTU Important questions--EM Waves and Dielectrics

Physics:

Important Questions related to chapter --EM Waves and Dielectrics.

2-marks/4-marks

Q1. Define gradient of a scalar field.Give its physical significance.
Q2. Define divergence of a vector field.Give its physical significance.
Q3. Define curl of a vector field.Give its physical significance.
Q4.What are solenoidal, irrotational and conservative fields?
Q5. Derive relationship b/w electric field and electric potential.
Q6. What is dielectric?Give its types. How a dielectric is different from an insulator?
Q7. Define dielectric medium and dielectric strength.
Q8. Explain the behavior of dielectric in external electric field.
Q9. Define polarization.

Q10. Define Poynting vector.
Q11. State Maxwell's equations and give their significance.
Q12.What are Em waves? Give their basic characteristics.
Q13. Derive the relation b/w dielectric constant and electric susceptibility.
Q14.Write short note on production of em waves.
Q15.Why light is characterized as electric vector, although it also possesses some
         magnetic vector.
Q16. What do you understand by displacement current?
Q17. Define electric susceptibility.

6-marks/8-marks

Q1. Derive wave equation for em wave in free space and show that em wave travels
       with speed of light.
Q2. "Maxwell equations are reformulation of existing laws." comment and
        justify your answer.

or

        Derive the relations for Maxwell's equation.

Q3. (a )What is polarization? What are its various types?Explain in detail.
       (b) Derive Maxwell equation as modified form of Ampere's law.




Important questions related to chapter Magnetic materials and superconductivity .
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